Teori Organisasi Umum 2

Tulisan 14

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

A GERUND is the –ing form of a verb (e.g. talking, playing, under standing)

AN INFINITIVE is to + the simple form of a verb (e.g. to talk, to play, to understand)

Gerunds may perform all the function that nouns do. A gerund is the –ing form of a verb that can be used as a noun. A gerund can function as a subject as well as an object

Examples:

1.      Playing tennis is fun

s          v

in this example, playing is a gerund. It is used as the subject of the sentence. Playing tennis is a gerund phrase.

I.      USING GERUNDS AS THE OBJECTS OF PREPOSITION

A gerund is frequently used as the object of preposition

1.      We talked about going to Canada for our vacation

Negative form of Gerund: not precedes a gerund

2.      We talked about not going to the meeting, but finally decided we should go

                prep  not gerund

II.COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS (beberapa kata kerja yang di ikuti Gerunds)

     Examples:

1.      I enjoy playing tennis

     V

     Gerunds are used as the objects of certain verbs in this example, enjoy is followed by Gerund

     (playing)

     Enjoy is not followed by an infinitive

     The most common incorrect form is: I enjoy to play tennis

2.      Joe quit smoking

3.      Joe gave up smoking

The above examples (number 2 & 3) have the same meaning. The verb ‘quit’ and the two-word verbs ‘give up’ should be followed by gerunds. The following is a list mentioning about verbs that should be used with gerunds

Enjoy                       appreciate

Quit (give up)         finish (get through)

Avoid                      postpone (put off)

Keep (keep on)       consider (think about)

Suggest                   discuss (talk about)

Mind                       stop

Delay                      mention

III.COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES (beberapa kata kerja yang di ikuti Infinitive)

Examples:

1.         I hope to see you again soon

      v     infinitive

2.         He promised to be here by ten

              v         infinitive

Some verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive, as in  (1) and (2). For the negative form not precedes the infinitive, as in (3). Below are verbs which are followed by infinitive

Hope to                                           intend to

Promise to                                      offer to

Seem to                                          pretend to

Expect to                                        want to

Plant to                                           decide to

Agree to                                         refuse to

Appear to                                       ask to

Would like to                                  need to

4.      My grandmother told         me        to be    here at ten o’clock

                             V       pronoun   infinitive

5.      The police ordered  the driver  to stop         

                         V         noun       infinitive

Some verbs are followed by pro(noun) and then an infinitive, as in (4) and (5). Below are verbs which are followed by pro(noun) then an infinitive.

Tell someone to                           advise someone to

Encourage someone to                remind someone to

Invite someone to                                    permit someone to

Allow someone to                                    warn someone to

Require someone to                    order someone to

Force someone to                                    ask someone to

Expect someone to                                  would like someone to

Want someone to                                    need someone to

6.      I was told to be here at ten o’clock

         v       infinitive

7.      The driver was ordered to stop

               v            infinitive

these verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive when they are used in the passive, as in (6) and (7).

IV.COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER INFINITIVE OR GERUND (beberapa kata kerja yang diikuti gerund dan infinitive)

The following are a verbs which are followed by infinitive or gerund (with no different in meaning)

Beginning                         like                              hate

Start                                 love                             can’t stand

Continue                           prefer                          can’t bear