Rabu, 06 Juni 2012

Teori Organisasi Umum 2


Tulisan 15

Contoh Program Regula Falsi Menggunakan Pascal
program regula_falsi;
uses crt;
label ulang, akhir, tanya;
var
x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3 : real;
i : integer;
ab :char;
data1 : real;
begin
ulang:
clrscr;
writeln('Tentukan nilai akar dari persamaan f(x)=x^3+x^2-3x-3=0 dengan Regula Falsi');
write('Masukan nilai x1 = ');readln(x1);
y1 := x1 * x1 * x1 + x1 * x1 - 3 * x1 - 3;
writeln(' Nilai f(x1)= ',y1:0:4);
repeat
begin
write( 'Masukan nilai x2 = ' ); readln(x2);
y2 := x2 * x2 * x2 + x2 * x2 - 3 * x2 - 3;
write(' Nilai f(x2)= ',y2:0:4);
end;
if (y1*y2)<0 then
Writeln(' Syarat Nilai Ok')
else
Writeln(' Nilai X2 Belum Sesuai');
until ( y1 * y2 ) <0;
writeln;
writeln('Penyelesaian persamaan karekteristik dengan metoda regula falsi');
writeln('----------------------------------------------------------------------');
writeln(' n x f(x) error ');
writeln('----------------------------------------------------------------------');
repeat
begin
i:= i + 1; x3 := ( x2-( y2 / ( y2 - y1))*(x2-x1));
y3 := x3 * x3 * x3 + x3 * x3 - 3 * x3 - 3;
if i<10 then
writeln(' ',i,' : ',x3,' : ',y3,' : ',abs(y3),' : ')
else
writeln(i,' : ',x3,' : ',y3,' : ',abs(y3),' : ');
if ( y1 * y3 ) <0 then
begin
x2 := x3 ; y2 := y3 ;
end
else
begin
x1 := x3 ; y1 := y3;
end;
end;
until abs( y3 ) < 1E-08;
writeln('----------------------------------------------------------------------');
writeln('Akar persamaannya= ',x3);
writeln('Errornya=' ,abs( y3 ));
writeln('----------------------------------------------------------------------');
tanya:
writeln('Apakah anda ingin mengulangi (y/t): ');
readln(ab);
if (ab='y') or (ab='Y') then
begin
goto ulang;
else if (ab='t') or (ab='T') then
begin
goto akhir;
end
else
begin
goto tanya;
end;
akhir:
end.

Teori Organisasi Umum 2


Tulisan 14

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

A GERUND is the –ing form of a verb (e.g. talking, playing, under standing)
AN INFINITIVE is to + the simple form of a verb (e.g. to talk, to play, to understand)
Gerunds may perform all the function that nouns do. A gerund is the –ing form of a verb that can be used as a noun. A gerund can function as a subject as well as an object
Examples:
1.      Playing tennis is fun
s          v
in this example, playing is a gerund. It is used as the subject of the sentence. Playing tennis is a gerund phrase.
I.      USING GERUNDS AS THE OBJECTS OF PREPOSITION

A gerund is frequently used as the object of preposition
1.      We talked about going to Canada for our vacation
Negative form of Gerund: not precedes a gerund
2.      We talked about not going to the meeting, but finally decided we should go
                prep  not gerund
II.COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS (beberapa kata kerja yang di ikuti Gerunds)
     Examples:
1.      I enjoy playing tennis
     V
     Gerunds are used as the objects of certain verbs in this example, enjoy is followed by Gerund
     (playing)
     Enjoy is not followed by an infinitive
     The most common incorrect form is: I enjoy to play tennis
2.      Joe quit smoking
3.      Joe gave up smoking
The above examples (number 2 & 3) have the same meaning. The verb ‘quit’ and the two-word verbs ‘give up’ should be followed by gerunds. The following is a list mentioning about verbs that should be used with gerunds
Enjoy                       appreciate
Quit (give up)         finish (get through)
Avoid                      postpone (put off)
Keep (keep on)       consider (think about)
Suggest                   discuss (talk about)
Mind                       stop
Delay                      mention
III.COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES (beberapa kata kerja yang di ikuti Infinitive)
Examples:
1.         I hope to see you again soon
      v     infinitive
2.         He promised to be here by ten
              v         infinitive
Some verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive, as in  (1) and (2). For the negative form not precedes the infinitive, as in (3). Below are verbs which are followed by infinitive
Hope to                                           intend to
Promise to                                      offer to
Seem to                                          pretend to
Expect to                                        want to
Plant to                                           decide to
Agree to                                         refuse to
Appear to                                       ask to
Would like to                                  need to

4.      My grandmother told         me        to be    here at ten o’clock
                             V       pronoun   infinitive
5.      The police ordered  the driver  to stop         
                         V         noun       infinitive
Some verbs are followed by pro(noun) and then an infinitive, as in (4) and (5). Below are verbs which are followed by pro(noun) then an infinitive.
Tell someone to                           advise someone to
Encourage someone to                remind someone to
Invite someone to                                    permit someone to
Allow someone to                                    warn someone to
Require someone to                    order someone to
Force someone to                                    ask someone to
Expect someone to                                  would like someone to
Want someone to                                    need someone to
6.      I was told to be here at ten o’clock
         v       infinitive


7.      The driver was ordered to stop
               v            infinitive
these verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive when they are used in the passive, as in (6) and (7).
IV.COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER INFINITIVE OR GERUND (beberapa kata kerja yang diikuti gerund dan infinitive)

The following are a verbs which are followed by infinitive or gerund (with no different in meaning)

Beginning                         like                              hate
Start                                 love                             can’t stand
Continue                           prefer                          can’t bear

Teori Organisasi Umum 2


Tulisan 13


PRESENT PERFECT & PAST TENSE


Present Perfect ( waktu selesai sekarang)
            Digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu perbuatan yang di lakukan di masa lalu dan telah diselesaikan. Namun, perbuatan itu masih berkaitan dengan waktu sekarang.

                       
S + HAS/HAVE + V3

Present Perfect digunakan untuk hal-hal berikut ini:
a.   Untuk menunjukkan perbuatan yang baru saja (baru-baru ini) telah deselesaikan.
      example: The doctor has just arrived (Dokter itu baru saja telah sampai)
b.   Untuk menyatakan perbuatan lampau yang waktunya tidak di sebutkan secara khusus.
      example: I have never seen him before ( Saya belum pernah bertemu dengannya)
c.  Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang dilakukan (dimulai) di suatu waktu lampau dan masih sedang berlangsung sampai sekarang.
example: My father has worked in this office for ten years (ayah saya telah                                                  
                bekerja  dikantor ini selama sepuluh tahun)
d.   Untuk menyatakan perbuatan lampau yang hasilnya/akibatnya masih dirasakan.
      example: They have built a new house (mereka telah membangun rumah baru)
e.  Dalam klausa kata keterangan (adverbial clause) yang diawali oleh when, if, before, after, as soon as atau till. Jika kata kerja dalam induk lakimat berbentuk Future tense.
      example: I shall leave for Bali after I have finished my work (saya akan berangkat 
                      menuju Bali setelah saya telah selesai mengerjakan pekerjaan saya)


For dan Since biasa digunakan dengan present perfect

Berikut ini kata keterangan atau frase kata keterangan yang sering digunakan dalam tense ini.
Never                                      belum pernah
Ever                                         pernah (digunakan dalam kalimat tanya)
So far                                       hingga sekarang
Till now                                   sampai sekarang
Yet                                           masih ( digunakan dalam kalimat negative dan tanya)
Already                                    sudah/telah
Since                                        sejak
For several month                   selama beberapa bulan
All day                                     sepanjang hari
For ages                                  sudah lama sekali
Not yet                                                belum
Twice                                       dua kali




Past Tense
Kata kerja digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu perbuatan telah terjadi atau dilakukan diwaktu lampau.


S + V2

Past tense digunakan untuk hal-hal sebagai berikut:
a. Menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa yang terjadi atau diselesaikan pada waktu
    lampau.
    Example: She completed laboratory experiment yesterday (ia menyelesaikan percobaan
                     laboratoriumnya kemarin.
b. Menyatakan kebiasaan lampau yang tidak dilanjutkan/diteruskan lagi.
    Example: He visited temples frequently
c. Untuk menyatakan perbuatan-perbuatan yang terjadi pada suatu periode waktu di waktu  
    lampau.
    Example: he lived in the city for along time (ia tinggal dikota itu lama sekali)

Kata keterangan atau frase kata keterangan yang biasanya digunakan dalam simple past:
Yesterday                    : kemarin
Last night                    : semalam/tadi malam
Last year                     : tahun lalu
Last month                  : bulan lalu
Last week                    : minggu lalu
An hour ago                : sejam lalu
All last year                 : sepanjang tahun lalu
In 1990                        : pada tahun 1990